45 Moral Injury
Ames, D., Erickson, Z., Youssef, N. A., Arnold, I., Adamson, C. S., Sones, A. C., Yin, J., Haynes, K., Volk, F., Teng, E. J., Oliver, J. P., & Koenig, H. G. (2019). Moral injury, religiosity, and suicide risk in US veterans and active duty military with PTSD symptoms. Military Medicine, 184(3–4), e271–e278. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy148
Antal, C. J., Yeomans, P. D., East, R., Hickey, D. W., Kalkstein, S., Brown, K. M., & Kaminstein, D. S. (2019). Transforming veteran identity through community engagement: A chaplain–psychologist collaboration to address moral injury. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 0022167819844071. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167819844071
Borges, L. M., Bahraini, N. H., Holliman, B. D., Gissen, M. R., Lawson, W. C., & Barnes, S. M. (2020). Veterans’ perspectives on discussing moral injury in the context of evidence-based psychotherapies for PTSD and other VA treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(3), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22887
Bravo, A. J., Kelley, M. L., Mason, R., Ehlke, S. J., Vinci, C., & Redman, J. C. (2020). Rumination as a mediator of the associations between moral injury and mental health problems in combat-wounded veterans. Traumatology, 26(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000198
Childs Jr., J. M. (2018). Moral Injury and the priesthood of all believers. Dialog: A Journal of Theology, 57(2), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/dial.12391
Corona, C. D., Van Orden, K. A., Wisco, B. E., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2019). Meaning in life moderates the association between morally injurious experiences and suicide ideation among US combat veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(6), 614–620. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000475
Currier, J. M., Foster, J. D., & Isaak, S. L. (2019). Moral injury and spiritual struggles in military veterans: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22378
Currier, J. M., McDermott, R. C., Farnsworth, J. K., & Borges, L. M. (2019). Temporal associations between moral injury and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters in military veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22367
Davies, M. (2018). The dark night of the veteran’s soul: Understanding the impact of spiritual wounds for Australian veterans. Journal of Military and Veterans Health, 26(2), 35.
Drescher, K. D., Currier, J. M., Nieuwsma, J. A., McCormick, W., Carroll, T. D., Sims, B. M., & Cauterucio, C. (2018). A qualitative examination of VA chaplains’ understandings and interventions related to moral injury in military veterans. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(6), 2444–2460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0682-3
Evans, W. R., Stanley, M. A., Barrera, T. L., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., & Teng, E. J. (2018). Morally injurious events and psychological distress among veterans: Examining the mediating role of religious and spiritual struggles. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(3), 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000347
Griffin, B. J., Williams, C. L., Shaler, L., Dees, R. F., Cowden, R. G., Bryan, C. J., Litz, B., Purcell, N., Burkman, K., & Maguen, S. (2020). Profiles of moral distress and associated outcomes among student veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(7), 669–677. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000584
Grimell, J. (2020). Can service members and veterans find parallels between biblical combat veterans and their own lives? Spirituality in Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000243
Grimell, J. M. (2018). Contemporary insights from biblical combat veterans through the lenses of moral injury and PTSD. Pastoral Care & Counseling, 72(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1542305018790218
Hamrick, H. C., Kelley, M. L., & Bravo, A. J. (2020). Morally injurious events, moral injury, and suicidality among recent-era veterans: The moderating effects of rumination and mindfulness. Military Behavioral Health, 8(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2019.1669509
Harper, K. L., Stanley, M. A., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Fletcher, T. L., & Teng, E. J. (2020). The impact of social support and morally injurious events on PTSD symptoms in veterans. Military Psychology, 32(4), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2020.1760684
Held, P., Klassen, B. J., Brennan, M. B., & Zalta, A. K. (2018). Using prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy to treat veterans with moral injury-based PTSD: Two case examples. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 25(3), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2017.09.003
Held, P., Klassen, B. J., Hall, J. M., Friese, T. R., Bertsch-Gout, M. M., Zalta, A. K., & Pollack, M. H. (2019). “I knew it was wrong the moment I got the order”: A narrative thematic analysis of moral injury in combat veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(4), 396–405. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000364
Jamieson, N., Usher, K., Maple, M., & Ratnarajah, D. (2020). Invisible wounds and suicide: Moral injury and veteran mental health. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(2), 105–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12704
Jinkerson, J. D., & Battles, A. R. (2019). Relationships between moral injury syndrome model variables in combat veterans. Traumatology, 25(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000163
Kelley, M. L., Braitman, A. L., White, T. D., & Ehlke, S. J. (2019). Sex differences in mental health symptoms and substance use and their association with moral injury in veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(3), 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000407
Kelley, M. L., Bravo, A. J., Davies, R. L., Hamrick, H. C., Vinci, C., & Redman, J. C. (2019). Moral injury and suicidality among combat-wounded veterans: The moderating effects of social connectedness and self-compassion. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(6), 621–629. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000447
King, L., Ketcheson, F., St. Cyr, K., Marlborough, M., & Richardson, J. D. (2020). Factor structure of deployment experiences and relations to mental health disorders among treatment-seeking Canadian armed forces personnel and veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(4), 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000493
Knight, C. (2019). Brave diamond warriors: Veteran women addressing and overcoming moral injury [Doctoral dissertation, United Theological Seminary].
Koenig, H. G. (2018). Measuring symptoms of moral injury in veterans and active duty military with PTSD. Religions, 9(3), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9030086
Koenig, H. G., Youssef, N. A., Ames, D., Teng, E. J., & Hill, T. D. (2020). Examining the overlap between moral injury and PTSD in US veterans and active duty military. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 208(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001077
Koenig, H. G., Youssef, N. A., & Pearce, M. (2019). Assessment of moral injury in veterans and active duty military personnel with PTSD: A review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00443
Kopacz, M., Charpeid, G. L., Hollenbeck, L. A., & Lockman, J. (2018). Examining moral injury awareness in a clinical setting. Journal of Military & Veterans’ Health, 26(1), 11–14.
La Fleur, R., McDonald, M., Senecal, G., & Coey, C. (2020). The impact of moral injury and disclosure of military experiences on veterans. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 0022167820972214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167820972214
LaFrance, W. C., Vo, P., Baird, G., East, R., & Stein, N. R. (2020). Moral injury in veterans with nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior, 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106681
Lancaster, S. L., & Irene Harris, J. (2018). Measures of morally injurious experiences: A quantitative comparison. Psychiatry Research, 264, 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.057
Levi-Belz, Y., Dichter, N., & Zerach, G. (2020). Moral injury and suicide ideation among Israeli combat veterans: The contribution of self-forgiveness and perceived social support. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0886260520920865. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520920865
Levi-Belz, Y., Greene, T., & Zerach, G. (2020). Associations between moral injury, PTSD clusters, and depression among Israeli veterans: A network approach. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1736411. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1736411
Levi-Belz, Y., & Zerach, G. (2018). Moral Injury, suicide ideation, and behavior among combat veterans: The mediating roles of entrapment and depression. Psychiatry Research, 269, 508–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.105
MacLeish, K. (2018). On ‘moral injury.’ History of the Human Sciences, 31(2), 128–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695117750342
Maguen, S., Griffin, B. J., Copeland, L. A., Perkins, D. F., Finley, E. P., & Vogt, D. (2020). Gender differences in prevalence and outcomes of exposure to potentially morally injurious events among post-9/11 veterans. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 130, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.020
Maguen, S., Griffin, B. J., Copeland, L. A., Perkins, D. F., Richardson, C. B., Finley, E. P., & Vogt, D. (2020). Trajectories of functioning in a population-based sample of veterans: Contributions of moral injury, PTSD, and depression. Psychological Medicine, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720004249
Nillni, Y. I., Shayani, D. R., Finley, E., Copeland, L. A., Perkins, D. F., & Vogt, D. S. (2020). The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder and moral injury on women veterans’ perinatal outcomes following separation from military service. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(3), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22509
Price, R. A. (2018). A meta-analytic case study of clinical chaplain care for moral injury in veterans. ProQuest Information & Learning, US. (2018-11224-063).
Ragin, R. M. (2020). No guilt, no shame: Discerning signs of post-conflict moral injury in atmospheres of political impunity. Journal of Veterans Studies, 6(1), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.21061/jvs.v6i1.141
Richardson, C. B., Chesnut, R. P., Morgan, N. R., Bleser, J. A., Perkins, D. F., Vogt, D., Copeland, L. A., & Finley, E. (2020). Examining the factor structure of the moral injury events scale in a veteran sample. Military Medicine, 185(1–2), e75–e83. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz129
Smigelsky, M. A., Jardin, C., Nieuwsma, J. A., Brancu, M., Meador, K. G., Molloy, K. G., & Elbogen, E. B. (2020). Religion, spirituality, and suicide risk in Iraq and Afghanistan era veterans. Depression and Anxiety, 37(8), 728–737. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23013
Smigelsky, M. A., Malott, J. D., Morris, K. V., Berlin, K. S., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2019). Latent profile analysis exploring potential moral injury and posttraumatic stress disorder among military veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(3), 499–519. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22714
Smith-MacDonald, L., Raffin-Bouchal, S., Reay, G., Ewashen, C., Konnert, C., & Sinclair, S. (2020). Transitioning fractured identities: A grounded theory of veterans’ experiences of operational stress injuries. Traumatology, 26(2), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000232
Wiinikka-Lydon, J. (2018). Dirty hands and moral injury. Philosophy, 93(3), 355–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819118000050
Williamson, V., Greenberg, N., & Murphy, D. (2019). Moral injury in UK armed forces veterans: A qualitative study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1562842. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1562842
Williamson, V., Murphy, D., Stevelink, S. A. M., Allen, S., Jones, E., & Greenberg, N. (2020). The impact of trauma exposure and moral injury on UK military veterans: A qualitative study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1704554. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1704554
Wilt, J. A., Evans, W. R., Pargament, K. I., Exline, J. J., Fletcher, T. L., & Teng, E. J. (2019). Predictors of moral struggles among veterans. Traumatology, 25(4), 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000186
Youssef, N. A., Boswell, E., Fiedler, S., Jump, R., Lee, E., Yassa, M., … Koenig, H. G. (2018). Moral injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and religious involvement among U.S. veterans. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 30(2), 113–121.
Zerach, G., & Levi‐Belz, Y. (2018). Moral injury process and its psychological consequences among Israeli combat veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(9), 1526–1544. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22598
Zerach, G., & Levi‐Belz, Y. (2019). Intolerance of uncertainty moderates the association between potentially morally injurious events and suicide ideation and behavior among combat veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 424–436. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22366